The three-dimensional anatomical mechanical form upon which the shoe is constructed, determining heel fit, instep volume, and toe spring.
A stitch-through construction technique where the upper is sewn directly to a lightweight fabric insole sheet, maximizing sneaker flexibility.
The traditional premium method of bonding pre-molded EVA/rubber outsoles to lasted uppers using high-strength polyurethane adhesives and hydraulic pressing.
The height difference between the heel stack and forefoot stack of the running shoe, typically ranging between 4mm and 10mm for athletic performance.